Abstract
A standard instrument is required to measure retirement planning
behavior(RPB), especially for long term financial planning. This paper
studies the reliability and validity of RPB. A sample of 900
Malaysians participated in this study. The focus of the study was to
measure the Retirement Planning Behavior scale that was developed
from the literature of different papers. The results show that RPB is a
valid measurement based on its reliability and validity. The findings
highlight two dimensions for the RPB scale which consist of attitude
and intention towards retirement planning. Retirees will benefit from
RPB as they will achieve financial freedom after their retirement.
References
Adams, G. A., & Rau, B. L. (2011).Putting off tomorrow to do what
you want today: planning for retirement. American
Psychologist, 66(3), 180.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211
49 |
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed
behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453–474.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001).Efficacy of the theory of
planned behavior: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of
Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499.
Atchley, R. C.(1989). A continuity theory of normal aging.
Gerontologist, 29,183–190.
Atchley, R. C. (1991). The influence of aging or frailty on perceptions
and expressions of the self: theoretical and methodological
issues. The concept and measurement of quality of life in the frail
elderly, 207-225.
Binswanger, J., & Schunk, D. (2012).What is an adequate standard of
living during Retirement? Journal of Pension Economics and
Finance, 11(02), 203-222.
Dorfman, L. T. (1989). Retirement preparation and retirement
satisfaction in the rural elderly. The Journal of Applied
Gerontology, 8, 432–450.
Elder, H. W., & Rudolph, P. M. (1999).Does retirement planning
affect the level of retirement satisfaction? Financial Services
Review, 8(2), 117-127.
Fehr, R.(2012).Is retirement always stressful? The potential impact of
creativity. American Psychologist, 67(1), 76-77.
Friedman, S. L., & Scholnick, E. K. (1997).An evolving “blueprint”
for planning: Psychological requirements, task characteristics, and
sociocultural influences.
50 |
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C.
(2010).Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hair, JF, Bush, RP & Ortinau, D.J. (2003).Marketing research: Within
a changing information environment, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill/
Irwin, New York.
Hershey, D. A., Henkens, K., & Van Dalen, H. P. (2010). Aging and
financial planning for retirement: Interdisciplinary influences
viewed through a cross-cultural lens. The International Journal of
Aging and Human Development, 70(1), 1-38
Hunter, W. W. (1976). Preparation for retirement (3rd ed.). Ann
Arbor: The University of Michigan, Institute of Gerontology.
Joo, S. H., & Grable, J. E. (2005).Employee education and the
likelihood of having a retirement savings program. Financial
Counselling and Planning, 16, 37–49.
Knoll, M. (2010).The role of behavioral economics and behavioral
decision making in Americans' retirement savings decisions.
Social Security Bulletin, 70(4), 1-23
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2007).Financial literacy and retirement
planning: New evidence from the Rand American Life Panel.
Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper No. WP,
2007-157.
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2009).How ordinary consumers make
complex economic decisions: Financial literacy and retirement
readiness. National Bureau of Economic Research.
51 |
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2011).Financial literacy and retirement
planning in the United States. Journal of Pension Economics and
Finance, 10, 509–525.
Lusardi, A., Van Rooij, M. C., & Alessie, R. J. (2012).Financial
literacy, retirement planning and household wealth. The Economic
Journal, 122(560), 449–478.
MacFarland, D. M., Marconi, C. D., & Utkus, S. P. (2004). “Money
attitudes” and retirement plan design: One size does not fit
all. Pension Design and Structure: New lessons from behavioral
finance, 97-120.
Ng, T. H., Tay, W. Y., Tan, N. L., & Lim, Y. S. (2011).Influence of
investment experience and demographic factors on retirement
planning intention. International Journal of Business and
Management, 6(2), 196.
Noone, J. H., Stephens, C., & Alpass, F. (2010).The process of
Retirement Planning Scale (Preps): Development and validation.
Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 520–531.
O’Rand, A. M., & Henretta, J. (1999).Age and inequality: Diverse
pathways though later life. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Parker, A. M., Bruin, W. B., Yoong, J., & Willis, R. (2012).
Inappropriate confidence and retirement planning: Four studies
with a national sample. Journal of Behavioral Decision
Making, 25(4), 382-389
Petkoska, J., & Earl, J. K. (2009).Understanding the influence of
demographic and psychological variables on retirement
planning. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 245
52 |
Quick, H. E., & Moen, P. (1998).Gender, employment and retirement
quality: A life course approach to the differential experiences of
men and women. Journal of occupational health psychology, 3(1),
44
Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. J. (2004). The transition to retirement:
Stages and factors that influence retirement adjustment.
International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 59, 63–
84.
Rise, J., Sheeran, P., & Hukkelberg, S. (2010). The role of selfidentity in the theory of Planned behavior: A meta-analysis.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(5), 1085–1105.
Robb, C. A., Babiarz, P., & Woodyard, A. (2012).The demand for
financial professionals’ advice: The role of financial knowledge,
satisfaction, and confidence. Financial Services Review, 21(4),
291–305
copyright statement